Your Guide to Smart TV Streaming Protocols, DRM & more!

But behind the scenes, Smart TV streaming relies on a mix of protocols, DRM systems and device-specific rules that impact what a viewer can actually watch. This guide breaks down the most important Smart TV streaming technologies in a simple, question-and-answer format for 2025.

What happens behind the scenes when streaming on a Smart TV?

While TV manufacturers make it easy for consumers to select a Smart TV (with helpful guides regarding screen size, for example), they do not always make it simple for technology providers to build and maintain streaming apps across all devices. What goes on behind the scenes – are there clear standards when it comes to streaming formats, encryption and features such as subtitles?

Below, we explain the most widely supported protocols, DRM systems, and feature limitations across Smart TV platforms.

Battle of the Giants

As with the race for the throne between Sony’s Blu-Ray format and Toshiba’s HD-DVD a few years back, Apple, Google and Microsoft each began developing their own video streaming protocols as digital consumption began to grow.

While Microsoft’s Smooth Streaming (MSS) was commonplace, Apple – alongside the rise of the iPhone – introduced their own segmented video delivery format as its choice for delivering “video packages” over the internet with a new HTTP Live Streaming format, better known as HLS. Google then decided to back MPEG-DASH, the first HTTP based streaming solution, to become an international standard.

Today, the dominant Smart TV streaming formats are HLS and MPEG-DASH, both widely supported across modern connected devices. CMAF has emerged as a potential unifying packaging format, but adoption varies and practical implementation is more complex than the theoretical benefits.

Today HLS and DASH take the lead with support offered on most devices, and are thus a logical choice for most streaming providers, as they move away from MSS. Recently, a fourth option, Common Media Application Format, or CMAF, was readied in an attempt to create a common global streaming format. The conversion rate or take up of the CMAF format is still under evaluation as tests and practical implementations are harder than the theoretical benefits it offers. Although CMAF is not a streaming format and is targeted to work both with DASH and HLS, it adds complexity as it still requires support from the different devices.

CLEAR STREAMS ON CONNECTED TVS

So which Smart TV platforms support which streaming protocols? The matrix below gives you an overview on the native support for playback of video protocols. The table only considers a clear video stream which is the foundation for any premium streaming service.

Table #1: Compatibility matrix of the different streaming formats and Connected TV platforms

The Giants Battle Piracy

Most premium streaming services need to encrypt their content to battle piracy, which not only breaches the intellectual rights of the owner, but also affects the revenue streams of streaming providers and content producers.

There are several different types of encryption, but the most commonly approved method of securing premium content is Digital Rights Management (DRM). Just as with the streaming protocols, the tech giants have also each chosen their own preferred standards. While Microsoft has long used PlayReady and priced it high, Google adopted the Widevine DRM at a low entry cost, and Apple created their own encryption technology, essentially for their own devices, the FairPlay DRM.

The three leading DRMs used for Smart TV apps today are Widevine (Google), PlayReady (Microsoft), and FairPlay (Apple). Each device family typically favors its own DRM ecosystem, which complicates cross-platform support.

It is not necessarily a bad thing to have multiple options available, as long as the combination of options (streaming formats and DRM) are clear and well documented. Of course, this is also based on the devices you choose to monetise – Microsoft’s Windows, Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android, which distinctively choose their own preferred technology and standards. Take your pick of the device and the standards follow!

ENCRYPTED STREAMS ON CONNECTED TVS

Why do Smart TV manufacturers support only a particular combination of streaming protocols and DRM? Should they not support all top options when they have no particular interest beyond the marketability of the devices themselves? Their goal is to win the market by providing TVs with access to the most number of apps and services, but also choose particular streaming protocols and DRMs which each of these manufacturers control more.

Because each manufacturer optimizes its operating system differently, DRM + protocol combinations are not universally supported, creating technical limitations that streaming providers must work around.

Apple TV will hardly see a benefit of alliance if they were to choose Widevine from Google for many obvious reasons.

This, hence, becomes the responsibility of streaming service providers to carefully consider their choices of technology that will hold good for today and tomorrow. Supporting every streaming protocol and DRM combination is rarely cost-effective, so most services prioritise based on target regions, device penetration and content protection requirements.

In the matrix below, you can see that the different Connected TV platforms reduce compatibility of previously supported streaming formats the moment that DRM is added. The differences between table #1 and table #2 are interesting to observe.

Table #2: Compatibility matrix of the different streaming formats/DRM and Connected TV platforms

PLAYER FEATURES ON CONNECTED TVS

Player related features such as support for subtitles, with multiple language or audio options are key elements to consider In addition to the streaming formats and DRM.

However, even basic player features such as multi-audio or subtitles vary drastically between Smart TV models, OS versions and streaming format choices.

As one should expect, not all such necessary features are supported on all Smart TV devices. Basic player features like multiple audio and subtitles makes it complicated as you see in the below example from Samsung’s own matrix for streaming features**:

As you can see, chosen protocol(s) for an OTT streaming service can have a great impact on natively offered features on each device. In the matrix, we discover that HLS and Playready streams are not supported, but if you choose MPEG-DASH and Playready, you can easily add the option of multiple audio, but not multiple subtitles natively.

Feature gaps like these are one reason many streaming services rely on custom players, workarounds or non-native subtitle renderers.

And If you choose not to have DRM, but just HLS streams, support for multi-subtitles are further limited to VoD, and only for models from 2017 and onwards.

SUBTITLE STANDARDS: YET ANOTHER LAYER OF COMPLEXITY

In addition to all of the above, you have to consider subtitle standards (here we go again, more standards!). As you can see below, the supported formats for Samsung’s TVs change quite a bit from the older Orsay TV models and even between the different Tizen TVs.

Subtitle support changes year by year, model by model, making testing and validation essential for OTT teams.

As mentioned before, the choice of streaming format also affects the option of using subtitles. This change has occurred over the last 7 years, which should give a good indication on the rapid speed of progress in this field.

The above table gets more complicated when you consider other devices by different manufacturers. The complexity increases every time a streaming service develops for a new platform or adds a new feature.

There is no universal solution: device fragmentation is a permanent reality in the Connected TV landscape.

There is no universal answer to this, as it depends on local market needs, device penetration and the calculated cost/benefit for the streaming provider of incrementally offering additional features, devices and services.

Each streaming service also has its own content management system, transcoding platform, content delivery network (CDN) – all of which contributes to a matrix which will reduce automatic playback support.

As a result, regular platform testing, QA automation and device-by-device feature verification are essential for maintaining a stable Smart TV experience.

Platform tweaks and testing are constantly needed to make sure streams work on connected TV devices which will get better in the long run.

So, what now?

How can a streaming service provider offer the device support and features they want in an efficient and cost effective way? Regional differences, variations in types of content, device penetration in specific markets and plenty of other factors play a part in making such decisions.

The key is choosing a scalable streaming strategy early — including protocols, DRM, subtitle formats and target devices — and revisiting these decisions as your service expands.

And changing your mind somewhere down the line is guaranteed to cost you time and money and in the worst case, provide a poorer user experience for your customers.

No matter how you decide to approach these challenges, it is strongly recommended that you spend some time making well-founded decisions, and remember it is important to test every stream on every device to make sure it all works! If needed, we advise that you seek assistance from competent advisors.

Why should your streaming service be on Smart TV anyway? Check out this blog post.

Ready for large screens, but not sure where to start? Find out more and get in touch here.